Acknowledgments

Text and images by John Wilford (CRC LEME, Geoscience Australia) and Dr Brian Minty (Geoscience Australia) except where otherwise stated.

Special thanks to the 3D Visualisation group at Geoscience Australia who helped build the interface and the VRML models. We also wish to thank Mike Craig and Megan Lech who reviewed the document.

Edited by Dr Ian Roach (CRC LEME Education and Training Program Leader, ANU).

This training module should be cited as:
Wilford J. and Minty B. 2008. Gamma-ray Spectrometry Interactive Training Module. CRC LEME, Perth.

 

Disclaimer and copyright

The user accepts all risks and responsibility for losses, damages, costs and other consequences resulting directly or indirectly from using any information or material contained in this training module. To the maximum permitted by law, CRC LEME excludes all liability to any person arising directly or indirectly from using any information or material contained in this training module.

© This training module is Copyright of the Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and Mineral Exploration, 2008), which resides with its Core Participants: CSIRO Exploration and Mining and Land and Water, The Australian National University, Curtin University of Technology, The University of Adelaide, Geoscience Australia, Primary Industry and Resources SA, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Minerals Council of Australia. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced or reused by any process whatsoever, without prior written approval from the Core Participants mentioned above.

 

References

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Standards

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Spectral Noise-Reduction

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Calibration and Data Processing

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Interpretation

An P., Chung C.F. and Rencz A.N. 1995. Digital lithology mapping from airborne geophysical and remote sensing data in the Melville Peninsula, northern Canada using a neural network approach. Remote Sensing of. Environment 53, 76-84.

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Bierwirth P. 1996. Investigation of airborne gamma-ray images as a rapid mapping tool for soil and land degradation: Wagga Wagga, NSW. Australian Geological Survey Organisation Record 1996/22.

Bower B., Payne J., DeLong C. and Rebagliati C.M. 1995. The oxide-gold, supergene and hypogene zones at the Casino gold-copper-molybdenum deposit, west central Yukon. In: Porphyry Deposits of the Northwestern Cordillera of North America. Schroeter T.G. ed. Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Special Volume 46, p. 352-366.

Charbonneau B.W. 1991. Geochemical evolution and radioactive mineralogy of the Fort Smith radioactive belt, Northwest Territories, Canada. In: Primary Radioactive Minerals (The textural patterns of radioactive mineral paragenetic associations). Theophrastus Publications, Athens, Greece, 21-48.

Cook S.E., Corner R.J., Groves P.R. and Grealish G.J. 1996. Use of airborne gamma-radiometric data for soil mapping. Australian Journal of Soil Research 34, 183-194.

Dauth C. 1997. Airborne magnetic, radiometric and satellite imagery for regolith mapping in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia, Exploration Geophysics 28, 199-203.

Davis J. and Guilbert J.M. 1973. Distribution of the radioelements potassium, uranium and thorium in selected porphyry copper deposits. Economic Geology 68, 145-160.

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Dickson B.L. 1995. Uranium-series disequilibrium in Australian soils and its effect on aerial gamma-ray surveys. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 54, 177-186.

Dickson, B.L. and Scott K. M. 1989. Radioelement distribution in rocks and soils at the Copper Hill Cu-Au deposit. CSIRO Division of Exploration Geoscience, Report 45R.

Dickson B.L., Fraser S.J. and Kinsey-Henderson A. 1996. Interpreting aerial gamma-ray surveys utilising geomorphological and weathering models. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 5, 75-88.

Dickson, B.L., Scott, K.M., 1997. Interpretation of aerial gamma-ray surveys-adding the geochemical factors. AGSO Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, v. 17, n.2, 187-200.

Eberle, D., 1993. Geological mapping based on multivariate statistical analysis of airborne geophysical data. ITC Journal 1993-2, 173-178.

Fullagar, P.K., Fallon, G.N., 1997. Geophysics in metalliferous mines for ore body delineation and rock mass characterisation.
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Giblin A. M and Dickson, B. L., 1984. Hydrogeochemical interpretations of apparent anomalies in base metals and radium in groundwaters near Lake Maurice in the Great Victorian Desert (abstract) J. Geochem Explor. 22, 361-362.

Gnojek, I., Prichystal, A., 1985. A new zinc mineralization detected by airborne gamma-ray spectrometry in Northern Moravia (Czechoslovakia). Geoexploranium, 23, 491-502.

Goosens, M.A., 1992. Petrogenesis of the mineralised granitic intrusion near Los Santos, Spain, and remote sensing and data integration as a tool in regional exploration for granite related mineralization. PhD Thesis, 148 p.

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Graham, D.F., Bonham-Carter, G.F., 1993. Airborne radiometric data: a tool for reconnaissance geological mapping using a GIS. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v.58, n.8, 1243-1249.

Harris, J., 1990. Clustering of gamma ray spectrometer dada using a computer image analysis system, In: Statistical Applications in the Earth Sciences, Ed by Agterberg, F.P and Bonham-Carter, G.F), Geological Survey of Canada Paper 89-9, pp 19-31

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Jayawardhana, P.M., Sheard, S.N., 1997. The use of airborne gamma-ray spectrometry by M.I.M. Exploration - A case study from the Mount Isa Inlier, northwest Queensland, Australia. In Proceedings of Exploration 97: Fourth Decennial Conference on Mineral Exploration" edited by A.G. Gubins, 765-774 (reprinted in 2000, Geophysics, v. 65, n. 6, 1993-2000).

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Kiss J.J., De Jong E. and Bettany J.R., 1988. The distribution of natural radionuclides in native soils of the Southern Saskatchewan, Canada: Journal of Environmental Quality, 17, 437-444.

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Martz, L.W and de Jong E., 1990. Natural radionuclides in the soils of a small agricultural basin in the Canadian Prairies and their association with topography, soil properties and erosion, Catena, Vol 17. p. 85-96.

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Paradella, W.R., Bignelli, P.A., Veneziani, P, Pietsch, R.W., Toutin, T., 1997. Airborne and spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) integration with Landsat TM and gamma-ray spectrometry data for geological mapping in a tropical rainforest environment. Carajas Mineral Province, Brazil, International Journal of Remote Sensing, v.18, n.7, 1483-1502.

Pickup, G and Marks, A., 2000. Identifying large scale erosion and deposition processes from airborne gamma radiometrics and digital elevation models in a weathered landscape, Earth Processes and Landforms, 25, pp 535-557

Portnov, A.M., 1987. Specialization of rocks towards potassium and thorium in relation to mineralisation. International Geological Review, 29, 326-344.

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Saunders, D.F., Burson, K.R., Thompson, C.K., 1999. Model for hydrocarbon microseepage and related near-surface alterations. AAPG Bulletin, v. 83, n. 1, 170-185.

Schetselaar, E.M., 2002. Petrogenetic interpretation from gamma-ray specterometry and geological data: the Arch Lake zoned peraluminous granite intrusion, Western Canadian Shield. Exploration Geophysics v. 33, 35-43.

Scott, K.M. and Dickson, B.L., 1990. Radiometric characterization of surface expressions of the alteration associated with Cu-Au mineralisation, Goonumbla, Central NSW. CSIRO Division of Exploration Geoscience, Restricted Report, 119R.

Shives, R.B.K., Charbonneau, B.W., Ford, K.L., 1997. The detection of potassic alteration by gamma-ray spectrometry - Recognition of alteration related to mineralisation. In Proceedings of Exploration 97: Fourth Decennial Conference on Mineral Exploration, edited by A.G. Gubins, 741-752 (reprinted in 2000, Geophysics, v. 65, n. 6, 2001-2011).

Shives, R.B.K., Ford, K.L. and Charbonneau, B.W., 1995. Applications of gamma ray spectrometric/magnetic/VLF-EM surveys - Workshop Manual; Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 3061, 82 p.

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Webster, S.S., 1984. Comments on the use of gamma-ray spectrometry for tin prospecting. Exploration Geophysics, 15, 61-63.

Wellman, P., 1999. Interpretation of regional geophysics of the Pilbara Craton, northwest Australia. AGSO Record 1999/4, 55 p.

Wilford, J.R., 1992. Regolith mapping using integrated Landsat TM imagery and high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry - Cape York Peninsula. Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Record 1992/78.

Wilford, J.R., 1995. Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry as a tool for assessing relative landscape activity and weathering development of regolith, including soils. AGSO Res. News, v. 22, 12-14.

Wilford, J.R., Bierwirth, P.N., Craig, M.A., 1997. Application of airborne gamma-ray spectrometry in soil/regolith mapping and applied geomorphology. AGSO Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, v. 17, n. 2, 201-216.

Yeates, A.N., Wyatt, B.W. and Tucker, D.H., 1982. Application of gamma-ray spectrometry for tin and tungsten granites, particularly within the Lachlan Fold Belt, New South Wales. Economic Geology, 77, 1725-1738.


Environmental

Akerblom, G., 1995. The use of airborne radiometric and exploration survey data and technique in radon risk mapping in Sweden. Application of uranium exploration data and techniques in environmental studies. IAEA-TECDOC-827, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 159-180.

Akerblom, G., Lindgren, J., 1997. Mapping of groundwater radon potential. Uranium exploration data and techniques applied to the preparation of radioelement maps. IAEA-TECDOC-980, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 237-255.

Biggs, A J W and Philip, S. R., 1995. Soils of Cape York Peninsula. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba, Land Resources Bulletin QV95001.

Bristow, Q., 1978. The application of airborne gamma-ray spectrometry in the search for radioactive debris from the Russian satellite COSMOS 954 (Operation "Morning Light"). Geological Survey of Canada, Papers No. 78-1B, 151-162.

Cook S.E, Corner R.J, Grealish G.J, Gessler P.E, Chartres C.J., 1996. A rule-based system to map soil properties. Soil Science of America Journal 60, 1893-1900.

Ford, K.L., Savard, M., Dessau, J.-C., Pellerin, E., Charbonneau, B.W., Shives, R.B.K., 2000. The role of gamma-ray spectrometry in radon risk evaluation: A case history from Oka, Quebec. GeoCanada 2000 Abstracts CD-ROM.

George, R.J, Campbell, C., Woodgate, P., Farrell, S. and Taylor, P., 2000. Complementary Data and Cost Benefit Analysis of Utilising Airborne Geophysics for Salinity Management Purposes (see www.ndsp.gov.au).

George, R.J., Beasley, R., Gordon, I., Heislers, D., Speed, R., Brodie, R., McConnell, C. and Woodgate, P., 1998. The national airborne geophysics project - national report. Evaluation of airborne geophysics for catchment management. (see www.ndsp.gov.au).

Gessler P.E., Moore I.D., McKenzie N.J., Ryan P.J., 1995. Soil-landscape models and the spatial prediction of soil attributes. International Journal of Geographic Information Science 9, 421-432.

Grasty R.L., Sander, L., 2001. Airborne gamma-ray surveys over Canadian nuclear sites. Expanded Abstracts, 63rd Annual Conference, European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers.

IAEA, 1995. Application of uranium exploration data and techniques in environmental studies. IAEA-TECDOC-827, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.

Karlsson, S., Mellander, H., Lindgren, J., Finck, R., Lauritzen, B., 2000. RESUME 99, Rapid Environmental Surveying Using Mobile Equipment, Report from the NKS/BOK-1.2 Project Group Mobile Measurements and Measurement Strategies, NKS-15, Nordic Nuclear Safety Research Secretariat, 78 p.

Lahti, M., Jones, D.G., Multala, J., Rainey, M.P., 2001. Environmental applications of airborne radiometric surveys. Expanded Abstracts, 63rd Annual Conference, European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers.

McKenzie, N. J and Ryan, P.J., 1999. Spatial prediction of soil properties using environmental correlation, Geoderma, 89, 67-94.

Pate J. S., Verboom W. H. and Galloway P. D., 2001. Co-occurrence of Proteaceae, laterite and related oligotrophic soils: Coincidental associations or causative inter-relationships? Australian Journal of Botany 49: 529-560.

Pickup, G and Marks, A., 2000. Identifying large scale erosion and deposition processes from airborne gamma radiometrics and digital elevation models in a weathered landscape, Earth Processes and Landforms, 25, pp 535-557.

Pracilio, G., Asseng, S., Cook, S.E., Hodgson, G., Wong, M. T. F., Adams, M. L and Hatton, T J., 2002. Estimating spatially variable deep drainage across a central eastern wheat belt catchment, Western Australia, Aust J. Agric. Res.

Roberts, L Wilford, J. Field, J., Greene, R., 2002. High resolution ground based gamma ray spectrometry and electromagnetics to assess regolith properties, Boorowa, NSW in Regolith and Landscapes in Eastern Australia. Roach I C (ed.) 2002. CRC LEME 136pp.

Ryan P.J, McKenzie N.J, O'Connell D, Loughhead A.N, Leppert P.M, Jacquier D, Ashton L.U., 2000. Integrating forest soils information across scales: spatial prediction of soil properties under Australian forests. Forest Ecology and Management 138, 139-157.

Sanderson, D.C.W., Allyson, J.D., Tyler, A.N., Scott, E.M., 1995. Environmental applications of airborne gamma-ray spectrometry. Application of uranium exploration data and techniques in environmental studies, IAEA-TECDOC-827, IAEA, Vienna, 71-79.

Sanderson, D.C.W., Ferguson J.M., 1997. The European capability for environmental airborne gamma-ray spectrometry. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, v. 73, 213-218.

Taylor, M. J, Smettem, K, Pracilio, G and Verboom, W. H., 2002 Investigation of the relationships between soil properties and high resolution radiometrics, central eastern Wheatbelt, Western Australia, Exploration Geophysics, 33, 95-102.

Wilford, J., Dent, D., Dowling, T. and Braaten, R., 2001. Rapid mapping of soils and salt stores - Using airborne radiometrics and digital elevation models. Geoscience Australia Research Newsletter, May 2001, No 34.

Wong MTF, Harper R.J., 1999. Use of on-ground gamma-ray spectrometry to measure plant-available potassium and other topsoil attributes. Australian Journal of Soil Research 37, 267-77.


Miscellaneous

Blake, T.S.,1993. Late Archaean crustal extension, sedimentary basin formation, flood basalt volcanism and continental rifting: the Nullagine and Mount Jope supersequences, Western Australia. Precambrian Research, v. 60, 185-241

Brutsaert, W.F., Norton, S.A., Hess, C.T and Williams, J.S., 1981. Geologic and hydrologic factors controlling Radon-222 in ground water in Maine. Ground Water, Vol 19, No4, pp 407-417.

Dickson, B.L., 1985. Radium isotopes in saline seepages, south-western Yilgarn, Western Australia, Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol 49, pp 361-368.

Verboom W. H., Galloway P. D., 2000. Hypothetical effects of rhizosphere associates of Proteaceae and their lateritic products on landscape evolution: Explanatory descriptions from southwestern Australia. In 'Proceedings of the Australian Society of Soil Science Inc. (WA Branch). Soils 2000 Conference'. (Eds C Tang, DR Williamson) pp 24-35. (Muresk Institute of Agriculture, Western Australia).


Books

Adams, J.A.S., Lowder, W.M. (editors), 1964. The Natural Radiation Environment. University of Chicago Press, Illinois.

Adams, J.A., Gasparini, P., 1970. Gamma-ray Spectrometry of Rocks. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Kogan, R.M., Nazarov, I.M., Fridman, S.D., 1971. Gamma spectrometry of Natural Environments and Formations. Israel Programme for Scientific Translations.

Tsoulfanidis, N., 1995. Measurement and detection of radiation. Taylor and Francis.